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Leadership development refers to any activity that enhances the quality of leadership within an individual or organization. These activities have ranged from MBA style programs offered at university business schools to action learning, high-ropes courses and executive retreats. == Developing individual leaders == Traditionally, leadership development has focused on developing the leadership abilities and attitudes of individuals. (LEAD ) is an annual leadership event platform dedicated to creating #AWorldInspired. World class, inspirational (speakers ) have included, 42nd President of the USA, Bill Clinton, leadership coach, Marshall Goldsmith and youth leadership guru, Craig Kielburger. Just as people are not all born with the ability or desire to play football (soccer) like Zinedine Zidane or to sing like Luciano Pavarotti, people are not all born with the ability to lead. Different personal traits and characteristics can help or hinder a person's leadership effectiveness〔See for example ''The Leadership Development Handbook'', (Center for Creative Leadership ) and Organizational Behavior, 4th ed, by Stephen Robbins, Bruce Millet & Terry Waters-Marsh, published by Prentice Hall〕 and require formalized programs for developing leadership competencies 〔see for example, ''Best Practices in Leadership Development and Organization Change'', (Best Practice Institute ), by Louis L. Carter, Marshall Goldsmith, and David Ulrich by JosseyutotThe Leadership Development Guide (Australian Leadership Development Centre ) 〕 Classroom-style training and associated reading is effective in helping leaders to know more about what is involved in leading well. However, knowing what to do and doing what one knows are two very different outcomes; management expert Henry Mintzberg is one person to highlight this dilemma. It is estimated that as little as 15% of learning from traditional classroom-style training results in sustained behavioral change within workplaces.〔See S. Cromwell & J. Kolb 2004, "An examination of work-environment support factors affecting transfer of supervisory skills training to the work place", ''Human Resource Development Quarterly'', Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 449-71. 〕 The success of leadership development efforts has been linked to three variables:〔See Baldwin, T. & Ford, K. (1988), "Transfer Of Training: A Review And Directions For Future Research', ''Personnel Psychology'', Spring, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p63-105〕 # individual learner characteristics # the quality and nature of the leadership development program # genuine support for behavioral change from the leader's supervisor Military officer-training academies, such as the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, go to great lengths to accept only candidates who show the highest potential to lead well.〔Organizational Behavior, 4th ed, by Stephen Robbins, Bruce Millet & Terry Waters-Marsh, published by Prentice Hall〕 Personal characteristics that are associated with successful leadership development include leader motivation to learn, a high achievement drive and personality traits such as openness to experience, an internal focus of control, and self-monitoring.In order to develop individual leaders, supervisors or superiors must conduct an individual assessment. Development is also more likely to occur when the design of the development program: * integrates a range of developmental experiences over a set period of time (e.g. 6–12 months). These experiences may include 360 degree feedback, experiential classroom style programs, business school style coursework, executive coaching, reflective journaling, mentoring and more. * involves goal-setting, following an assessment of key developmental needs and then an evaluation of the achievement of goals after a given time period Among key concepts in leadership development one may find: * experiential learning: positioning the individual in the focus of the learning process, going through the four stages of experiential learning as formulated by David A. Kolb: 1. concrete experience 2. observation and reflection 3. forming abstract concept 4. testing in new situations. * self efficacy: the right training and coaching should bring about 'Self efficacy' in the trainee, as Albert Bandura formulated: a person's belief about his capabilities to produce effects * visioning: Developing the ability to formulate a clear image of the aspired future of an organization unit. * attitude: attitude plays a major role in being a leader. A good personal leadership development program should enable one to develop a plan that helps one gain essential leadership skills required for roles across a wide spectrum from a youth environment to the corporate world. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「leadership development」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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